EEEExxxx RRRReeeeffffeeeerrrreeeennnncccceeee MMMMaaaannnnuuuuaaaallll VVVVeeeerrrrssssiiiioooonnnn 3333....7777 William Joy Mark Horton Computer Science Division Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, Ca. 94720 _A_B_S_T_R_A_C_T _E_x a line oriented text editor, which sup- ports both command and display oriented editing. This reference manual describes the command oriented part of _e_x; the display editing features of _e_x are described in _A_n _I_n_t_r_o_d_u_c_t_i_o_n _t_o _D_i_s_p_l_a_y _E_d_i_t_i_n_g _w_i_t_h _V_i. Other documents about the editor include the introduction _E_d_i_t: _A _t_u_t_o_r_i_a_l, the _E_x/_e_d_i_t _C_o_m_m_a_n_d _S_u_m_m_a_r_y, and a _V_i _Q_u_i_c_k _R_e_f_e_r_e_n_c_e card. _1. _S_t_a_r_t_i_n_g _e_x Each instance of the editor has a set of options, which can be set to tailor it to your liking. The command _e_d_i_t invokes a version of _e_x designed for more casual or begin- ning users by changing the default settings of some of these options. To simplify the description which follows we assume the default settings of the options. When invoked, _e_x determines the terminal type from the TERM variable in the environment. It there is a TERMCAP variable in the environment, and the type of the terminal described there matches the TERM variable, then that description is used. Also if the TERMCAP variable contains a pathname (beginning with a ////) then the editor will seek the description of the terminal in that file (rather than the default /etc/termcap). If there is a variable EXINIT in the environment, then the editor will execute the commands _________________________ The financial support of an IBM Graduate Fellowship and the National Science Foundation under grants MCS74- 07644-A03 and MCS78-07291 is gratefully acknowledged. September 1, 19101 USD:16-2 Ex Reference Manual in that variable, otherwise if there is a file ._e_x_r_c in your HOME directory _e_x reads commands from that file, simulating a _s_o_u_r_c_e command. Option setting commands placed in EXINIT or ._e_x_r_c will be executed before each editor session. A command to enter _e_x has the following prototype:|- eeeexxxx [ ---- ] [ ----vvvv ] [ ----tttt _t_a_g ] [ ----rrrr ] [ ----llll ] [ ----wwww_n ] [ ----xxxx ] [ ----RRRR ] [ ++++_c_o_m_m_a_n_d ] name ... The most common case edits a single file with no options, i.e.: eeeexxxx name The - command line option option suppresses all interactive-user feedback and is useful in processing editor scripts in command files. The -_v option is equivalent to using _v_i rather than _e_x. The -_t option is equivalent to an initial _t_a_g command, editing the file containing the _t_a_g and positioning the editor at its definition. The -_r option is used in recovering after an editor or system crash, retriev- ing the last saved version of the named file or, if no file is specified, typing a list of saved files. The -_l option sets up for editing LISP, setting the _s_h_o_w_m_a_t_c_h and _l_i_s_p options. The -_w option sets the default window size to _n, and is useful on dialups to start in small windows. The -_x option causes _e_x to prompt for a _k_e_y, which is used to encrypt and decrypt the contents of the file, which should already be encrypted using the same key, see _c_r_y_p_t(1). The -_R option sets the _r_e_a_d_o_n_l_y option at the start. _N_a_m_e argu- ments indicate files to be edited. An argument of the form ++++_c_o_m_m_a_n_d indicates that the editor should begin by executing the specified command. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is omitted, then it defaults to ``$'', positioning the editor at the last line of the first file initially. Other useful commands here are scanning patterns of the form ``/pat'' or line numbers, e.g. ``+100'' starting at line 100. _2. _F_i_l_e _m_a_n_i_p_u_l_a_t_i_o_n _2._1. _C_u_r_r_e_n_t _f_i_l_e _E_x is normally editing the contents of a single file, whose name is recorded in the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t file name. _E_x per- forms all editing actions in a buffer (actually a temporary file) into which the text of the file is initially read. Changes made to the buffer have no effect on the file being edited unless and until the buffer contents are written out to the file with a _w_r_i_t_e command. After the buffer contents are written, the previous contents of the written file are no longer accessible. When a file is edited, its name _________________________ |- Brackets `[' `]' surround optional parameters here. September 1, 19101 Ex Reference Manual USD:16-3 becomes the current file name, and its contents are read into the buffer. The current file is almost always considered to be _e_d_i_t_e_d. This means that the contents of the buffer are log- ically connected with the current file name, so that writing the current buffer contents onto that file, even if it exists, is a reasonable action. If the current file is not _e_d_i_t_e_d then _e_x will not normally write on it if it already exists.* _2._2. _A_l_t_e_r_n_a_t_e _f_i_l_e Each time a new value is given to the current file name, the previous current file name is saved as the _a_l_t_e_r_- _n_a_t_e file name. Similarly if a file is mentioned but does not become the current file, it is saved as the alternate file name. _2._3. _F_i_l_e_n_a_m_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n Filenames within the editor may be specified using the normal shell expansion conventions. In addition, the char- acter `%' in filenames is replaced by the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t file name and the character `#' by the _a_l_t_e_r_n_a_t_e file name.|- _2._4. _M_u_l_t_i_p_l_e _f_i_l_e_s _a_n_d _n_a_m_e_d _b_u_f_f_e_r_s If more than one file is given on the command line, then the first file is edited as described above. The remaining arguments are placed with the first file in the _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t _l_i_s_t. The current argument list may be displayed with the _a_r_g_s command. The next file in the argument list may be edited with the _n_e_x_t command. The argument list may also be respecified by specifying a list of names to the _n_e_x_t command. These names are expanded, the resulting list of names becomes the new argument list, and _e_x edits the first file on the list. For saving blocks of text while editing, and especially when editing more than one file, _e_x has a group of named buffers. These are similar to the normal buffer, except that only a limited number of operations are available on them. The buffers have names _a through _z.|= _________________________ * The _f_i_l_e command will say ``[Not edited]'' if the current file is not considered edited. |- This makes it easy to deal alternately with two files and eliminates the need for retyping the name supplied on an _e_d_i_t command after a _N_o _w_r_i_t_e _s_i_n_c_e _l_a_s_t _c_h_a_n_g_e diagnostic is received. |= It is also possible to refer to _A through _Z; the upper case buffers are the same as the lower but commands append to named buffers rather than replacing September 1, 19101 USD:16-4 Ex Reference Manual _2._5. _R_e_a_d _o_n_l_y It is possible to use _e_x in _r_e_a_d _o_n_l_y mode to look at files that you have no intention of modifying. This mode protects you from accidently overwriting the file. Read only mode is on when the _r_e_a_d_o_n_l_y option is set. It can be turned on with the -_R command line option, by the _v_i_e_w com- mand line invocation, or by setting the _r_e_a_d_o_n_l_y option. It can be cleared by setting _n_o_r_e_a_d_o_n_l_y. It is possible to write, even while in read only mode, by indicating that you really know what you are doing. You can write to a dif- ferent file, or can use the ! form of write, even while in read only mode. _3. _E_x_c_e_p_t_i_o_n_a_l _C_o_n_d_i_t_i_o_n_s _3._1. _E_r_r_o_r_s _a_n_d _i_n_t_e_r_r_u_p_t_s When errors occur _e_x (optionally) rings the terminal bell and, in any case, prints an error diagnostic. If the primary input is from a file, editor processing will ter- minate. If an interrupt signal is received, _e_x prints ``Interrupt'' and returns to its command level. If the pri- mary input is a file, then _e_x will exit when this occurs. _3._2. _R_e_c_o_v_e_r_i_n_g _f_r_o_m _h_a_n_g_u_p_s _a_n_d _c_r_a_s_h_e_s If a hangup signal is received and the buffer has been modified since it was last written out, or if the system crashes, either the editor (in the first case) or the system (after it reboots in the second) will attempt to preserve the buffer. The next time you log in you should be able to recover the work you were doing, losing at most a few lines of changes from the last point before the hangup or editor crash. To recover a file you can use the -_r option. If you were editing the file _r_e_s_u_m_e, then you should change to the directory where you were when the crash occurred, giving the command eeeexxxx ----rrrr _r_e_s_u_m_e After checking that the retrieved file is indeed ok, you can _w_r_i_t_e it over the previous contents of that file. You will normally get mail from the system telling you when a file has been saved after a crash. The command eeeexxxx -rrrr will print a list of the files which have been saved for you. (In the case of a hangup, the file will not appear in _________________________ if upper case names are used. September 1, 19101 Ex Reference Manual USD:16-5 the list, although it can be recovered.) _4. _E_d_i_t_i_n_g _m_o_d_e_s _E_x has five distinct modes. The primary mode is _c_o_m_- _m_a_n_d mode. Commands are entered in command mode when a `:' prompt is present, and are executed each time a complete line is sent. In _t_e_x_t _i_n_p_u_t mode _e_x gathers input lines and places them in the file. The _a_p_p_e_n_d, _i_n_s_e_r_t, and _c_h_a_n_g_e commands use text input mode. No prompt is printed when you are in text input mode. This mode is left by typing a `.' alone at the beginning of a line, and _c_o_m_m_a_n_d mode resumes. The last three modes are _o_p_e_n and _v_i_s_u_a_l modes, entered by the commands of the same name, and, within open and visual modes _t_e_x_t _i_n_s_e_r_t_i_o_n mode. _O_p_e_n and _v_i_s_u_a_l modes allow local editing operations to be performed on the text in the file. The _o_p_e_n command displays one line at a time on any terminal while _v_i_s_u_a_l works on CRT terminals with random positioning cursors, using the screen as a (single) window for file editing changes. These modes are described (only) in _A_n _I_n_t_r_o_d_u_c_t_i_o_n _t_o _D_i_s_p_l_a_y _E_d_i_t_i_n_g _w_i_t_h _V_i. _5. _C_o_m_m_a_n_d _s_t_r_u_c_t_u_r_e Most command names are English words, and initial pre- fixes of the words are acceptable abbreviations. The ambi- guity of abbreviations is resolved in favor of the more com- monly used commands.* _5._1. _C_o_m_m_a_n_d _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r_s Most commands accept prefix addresses specifying the lines in the file upon which they are to have effect. The forms of these addresses will be discussed below. A number of commands also may take a trailing _c_o_u_n_t specifying the number of lines to be involved in the command.|- Thus the command ``10p'' will print the tenth line in the buffer while ``delete 5'' will delete five lines from the buffer, starting with the current line. Some commands take other information or parameters, this information always being given after the command name.|= _________________________ * As an example, the command _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_e can be abbreviated `s' while the shortest available abbreviation for the _s_e_t command is `se'. |- Counts are rounded down if necessary. |= Examples would be option names in a _s_e_t command i.e. ``set number'', a file name in an _e_d_i_t command, a regular expression in a _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_e command, or a target address for a _c_o_p_y command, i.e. ``1,5 copy 25''. September 1, 19101 USD:16-6 Ex Reference Manual _5._2. _C_o_m_m_a_n_d _v_a_r_i_a_n_t_s A number of commands have two distinct variants. The variant form of the command is invoked by placing an `!' immediately after the command name. Some of the default variants may be controlled by options; in this case, the `!' serves to toggle the default. _5._3. _F_l_a_g_s _a_f_t_e_r _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_s The characters `#', `p' and `l' may be placed after many commands.** In this case, the command abbreviated by these characters is executed after the command completes. Since _e_x normally prints the new current line after each change, `p' is rarely necessary. Any number of `+' or `-' characters may also be given with these flags. If they appear, the specified offset is applied to the current line value before the printing command is executed. _5._4. _C_o_m_m_e_n_t_s It is possible to give editor commands which are ignored. This is useful when making complex editor scripts for which comments are desired. The comment character is the double quote: ". Any command line beginning with " is ignored. Comments beginning with " may also be placed at the ends of commands, except in cases where they could be confused as part of text (shell escapes and the substitute and map commands). _5._5. _M_u_l_t_i_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_s _p_e_r _l_i_n_e More than one command may be placed on a line by separating each pair of commands by a `|' character. How- ever the _g_l_o_b_a_l commands, comments, and the shell escape `!' must be the last command on a line, as they are not ter- minated by a `|'. _5._6. _R_e_p_o_r_t_i_n_g _l_a_r_g_e _c_h_a_n_g_e_s Most commands which change the contents of the editor buffer give feedback if the scope of the change exceeds a threshold given by the _r_e_p_o_r_t option. This feedback helps to detect undesirably large changes so that they may be quickly and easily reversed with an _u_n_d_o. After commands with more global effect such as _g_l_o_b_a_l or _v_i_s_u_a_l, you will be informed if the net change in the number of lines in the buffer during this command exceeds this threshold. _________________________ ** A `p' or `l' must be preceded by a blank or tab except in the single special case `dp'. September 1, 19101 Ex Reference Manual USD:16-7 _6. _C_o_m_m_a_n_d _a_d_d_r_e_s_s_i_n_g _6._1. _A_d_d_r_e_s_s_i_n_g _p_r_i_m_i_t_i_v_e_s .... The current line. Most commands leave the current line as the last line which they affect. The default address for most commands is the current line, thus `....' is rarely used alone as an address. _n The _nth line in the editor's buffer, lines being numbered sequentially from 1. $$$$ The last line in the buffer. %%%% An abbreviation for ``1,$'', the entire buffer. +_n -_n An offset relative to the current buffer line.|- ////_p_a_t//// ????_p_a_t???? Scan forward and backward respectively for a line containing _p_a_t, a regular expression (as defined below). The scans normally wrap around the end of the buffer. If all that is desired is to print the next line containing _p_a_t, then the trailing //// or ???? may be omitted. If _p_a_t is omitted or explicitly empty, then the last regular expression speci- fied is located.|= '''''''' ''''_x Before each non-relative motion of the current line `....', the previous current line is marked with a tag, subsequently referred to as `'''. This makes it easy to refer or return to this previous con- text. Marks may also be established by the _m_a_r_k command, using single lower case letters _x and the marked lines referred to as `'_x'. _6._2. _C_o_m_b_i_n_i_n_g _a_d_d_r_e_s_s_i_n_g _p_r_i_m_i_t_i_v_e_s Addresses to commands consist of a series of addressing primitives, separated by `,' or `;'. Such address lists are _________________________ |- The forms `.+3' `+3' and `+++' are all equivalent; if the current line is line 100 they all address line 103. |= The forms \\\\//// and \\\\???? scan using the last regular expression used in a scan; after a substitute //////// and ???????? would scan using the substitute's regular expression. September 1, 19101 USD:16-8 Ex Reference Manual evaluated left-to-right. When addresses are separated by `;' the current line `....' is set to the value of the previ- ous addressing expression before the next address is inter- preted. If more addresses are given than the command requires, then all but the last one or two are ignored. If the command takes two addresses, the first addressed line must precede the second in the buffer.|- _7. _C_o_m_m_a_n_d _d_e_s_c_r_i_p_t_i_o_n_s The following form is a prototype for all _e_x commands: _a_d_d_r_e_s_s ccccoooommmmmmmmaaaannnndddd ! _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r_s _c_o_u_n_t _f_l_a_g_s All parts are optional; the degenerate case is the empty command which prints the next line in the file. For sanity with use from within _v_i_s_u_a_l mode, _e_x ignores a ``:'' preced- ing any command. In the following command descriptions, the default addresses are shown in parentheses, which are _n_o_t, however, part of the command. 9 aaaabbbbbbbbrrrreeeevvvviiiiaaaatttteeee _w_o_r_d _r_h_s abbr: aaaabbbb Add the named abbreviation to the current list. When in input mode in visual, if _w_o_r_d is typed as a complete word, it will be changed to _r_h_s. 9 ( .... ) aaaappppppppeeeennnndddd abbr: aaaa _t_e_x_t .... Reads the input text and places it after the specified line. After the command, `....' addresses the last line input or the specified line if no lines were input. If address `0' is given, text is placed at the beginning of the buffer. 9 aaaa!!!! _t_e_x_t .... The variant flag to _a_p_p_e_n_d toggles the setting for the _a_u_t_o_i_n_d_e_n_t option during the input of _t_e_x_t. 9_________________________ |- Null address specifications are permitted in a list of addresses, the default in this case is the current line `.'; thus `,100' is equivalent to `....,100'. It is an error to give a prefix address to a command which expects none. September 1, 19101 Ex Reference Manual USD:16-9 aaaarrrrggggssss The members of the argument list are printed, with the current argument delimited by `[' and `]'. 9 ( .... , .... ) cccchhhhaaaannnnggggeeee _c_o_u_n_t abbr: cccc _t_e_x_t .... Replaces the specified lines with the input _t_e_x_t. The current line becomes the last line input; if no lines were input it is left as for a _d_e_l_e_t_e. 9 cccc!!!! _t_e_x_t .... The variant toggles _a_u_t_o_i_n_d_e_n_t during the _c_h_a_n_g_e. 9 ( .... , .... )ccccooooppppyyyy _a_d_d_r _f_l_a_g_s abbr: ccccoooo A _c_o_p_y of the specified lines is placed after _a_d_d_r, which may be `0'. The current line `....' addresses the last line of the copy. The command _t is a synonym for _c_o_p_y. 9 ( .... , .... )ddddeeeelllleeeetttteeee _b_u_f_f_e_r _c_o_u_n_t _f_l_a_g_s abbr: dddd Removes the specified lines from the buffer. The line after the last line deleted becomes the current line; if the lines deleted were originally at the end, the new last line becomes the current line. If a named _b_u_f_f_e_r is specified by giving a letter, then the speci- fied lines are saved in that buffer, or appended to it if an upper case letter is used. 9 eeeeddddiiiitttt _f_i_l_e abbr: eeee eeeexxxx _f_i_l_e Used to begin an editing session on a new file. The editor first checks to see if the buffer has been modi- fied since the last _w_r_i_t_e command was issued. If it has been, a warning is issued and the command is aborted. The command otherwise deletes the entire con- tents of the editor buffer, makes the named file the current file and prints the new filename. After insur- ing that this file is sensible|- the editor reads the _________________________ |- I.e., that it is not a binary file such as a directory, a block or character special file other than /_d_e_v/_t_t_y, a terminal, or a binary or executable file (as indicated by the first word). 9 September 1, 19101 USD:16-10 Ex Reference Manual file into its buffer. If the read of the file completes without error, the number of lines and characters read is typed. If there were any non-ASCII characters in the file they are stripped of their non-ASCII high bits, and any null characters in the file are discarded. If none of these errors occurred, the file is considered _e_d_i_t_e_d. If the last line of the input file is missing the trailing newline character, it will be supplied and a complaint will be issued. This command leaves the current line `....' at the last line read.|= 9 eeee!!!! _f_i_l_e The variant form suppresses the complaint about modifi- cations having been made and not written from the edi- tor buffer, thus discarding all changes which have been made before editing the new file. 9 eeee ++++_n _f_i_l_e Causes the editor to begin at line _n rather than at the last line; _n may also be an editor command containing no spaces, e.g.: ``+/pat''. 9 ffffiiiilllleeee abbr: ffff Prints the current file name, whether it has been `[Modified]' since the last _w_r_i_t_e command, whether it is _r_e_a_d _o_n_l_y, the current line, the number of lines in the buffer, and the percentage of the way through the buffer of the current line.* 9 ffffiiiilllleeee _f_i_l_e The current file name is changed to _f_i_l_e which is con- sidered `[Not edited]'. 9 ( 1 , $ ) gggglllloooobbbbaaaallll /_p_a_t/ _c_m_d_s abbr: gggg First marks each line among those specified which matches the given regular expression. Then the given _________________________ |= If executed from within _o_p_e_n or _v_i_s_u_a_l, the current line is initially the first line of the file. * In the rare case that the current file is `[Not edited]' this is noted also; in this case you have to use the form wwww!!!! to write to the file, since the editor is not sure that a wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee will not destroy a file unrelated to the current contents of the buffer. 9 September 1, 19101 Ex Reference Manual USD:16-11 command list is executed with `....' initially set to each marked line. The command list consists of the remaining commands on the current input line and may continue to multiple lines by ending all but the last such line with a `\'. If _c_m_d_s (and possibly the trailing //// delimiter) is omitted, each line matching _p_a_t is printed. _A_p_p_e_n_d, _i_n_s_e_r_t, and _c_h_a_n_g_e commands and associated input are permitted; the `....' terminating input may be omitted if it would be on the last line of the command list. _O_p_e_n and _v_i_s_u_a_l commands are permitted in the command list and take input from the terminal. The _g_l_o_b_a_l command itself may not appear in _c_m_d_s. The _u_n_d_o command is also not permitted there, as _u_n_d_o instead can be used to reverse the entire _g_l_o_b_a_l com- mand. The options _a_u_t_o_p_r_i_n_t and _a_u_t_o_i_n_d_e_n_t are inhi- bited during a _g_l_o_b_a_l, (and possibly the trailing //// delimiter) and the value of the _r_e_p_o_r_t option is tem- porarily infinite, in deference to a _r_e_p_o_r_t for the entire global. Finally, the context mark `''' is set to the value of `.' before the global command begins and is not changed during a global command, except perhaps by an _o_p_e_n or _v_i_s_u_a_l within the _g_l_o_b_a_l. 9 gggg!!!! ////_p_a_t//// _c_m_d_s abbr: vvvv The variant form of _g_l_o_b_a_l runs _c_m_d_s at each line not matching _p_a_t. 9 ( .... )iiiinnnnsssseeeerrrrtttt abbr: iiii _t_e_x_t .... Places the given text before the specified line. The current line is left at the last line input; if there were none input it is left at the line before the addressed line. This command differs from _a_p_p_e_n_d only in the placement of text. 9 iiii!!!! _t_e_x_t .... The variant toggles _a_u_t_o_i_n_d_e_n_t during the _i_n_s_e_r_t. 9 ( .... , ....+1 ) jjjjooooiiiinnnn _c_o_u_n_t _f_l_a_g_s abbr: jjjj Places the text from a specified range of lines together on one line. White space is adjusted at each junction to provide at least one blank character, two September 1, 19101 USD:16-12 Ex Reference Manual if there was a `....' at the end of the line, or none if the first following character is a `)'. If there is already white space at the end of the line, then the white space at the start of the next line will be dis- carded. 9 jjjj!!!! The variant causes a simpler _j_o_i_n with no white space processing; the characters in the lines are simply con- catenated. 9 ( .... ) kkkk _x The _k command is a synonym for _m_a_r_k. It does not require a blank or tab before the following letter. 9 ( .... , .... ) lllliiiisssstttt _c_o_u_n_t _f_l_a_g_s Prints the specified lines in a more unambiguous way: tabs are printed as `^I' and the end of each line is marked with a trailing `$'. The current line is left at the last line printed. 9 mmmmaaaapppp _l_h_s _r_h_s The _m_a_p command is used to define macros for use in _v_i_s_u_a_l mode. _L_h_s should be a single character, or the sequence ``#n'', for n a digit, referring to function key _n. When this character or function key is typed in _v_i_s_u_a_l mode, it will be as though the corresponding _r_h_s had been typed. On terminals without function keys, you can type ``#n''. See section 6.9 of the ``Intro- duction to Display Editing with Vi'' for more details. 9 ( .... ) mmmmaaaarrrrkkkk _x Gives the specified line mark _x, a single lower case letter. The _x must be preceded by a blank or a tab. The addressing form `'x' then addresses this line. The current line is not affected by this command. 9 ( .... , .... ) mmmmoooovvvveeee _a_d_d_r abbr: mmmm The _m_o_v_e command repositions the specified lines to be after _a_d_d_r. The first of the moved lines becomes the current line. 9 9 September 1, 19101 Ex Reference Manual USD:16-13 nnnneeeexxxxtttt abbr: nnnn The next file from the command line argument list is edited. 9 nnnn!!!! The variant suppresses warnings about the modifications to the buffer not having been written out, discarding (irretrievably) any changes which may have been made. 9 nnnn _f_i_l_e_l_i_s_t nnnn ++++_c_o_m_m_a_n_d _f_i_l_e_l_i_s_t The specified _f_i_l_e_l_i_s_t is expanded and the resulting list replaces the current argument list; the first file in the new list is then edited. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is given (it must contain no spaces), then it is executed after editing the first such file. 9 ( .... , .... ) nnnnuuuummmmbbbbeeeerrrr _c_o_u_n_t _f_l_a_g_s abbr: #### or nnnnuuuu Prints each specified line preceded by its buffer line number. The current line is left at the last line printed. 9 ( .... ) ooooppppeeeennnn _f_l_a_g_s abbr: oooo ( .... ) ooooppppeeeennnn /_p_a_t/ _f_l_a_g_s Enters intraline editing _o_p_e_n mode at each addressed line. If _p_a_t is given, then the cursor will be placed initially at the beginning of the string matched by the pattern. To exit this mode use Q. See _A_n _I_n_t_r_o_d_u_c_t_i_o_n _t_o _D_i_s_p_l_a_y _E_d_i_t_i_n_g _w_i_t_h _V_i for more details. 9 pppprrrreeeesssseeeerrrrvvvveeee The current editor buffer is saved as though the system had just crashed. This command is for use only in emergencies when a _w_r_i_t_e command has resulted in an error and you don't know how to save your work. After a _p_r_e_s_e_r_v_e you should seek help. 9 ( .... , .... )pppprrrriiiinnnntttt _c_o_u_n_t abbr: pppp or PPPP Prints the specified lines with non-printing characters printed as control characters `^_x'; delete (octal 177) is represented as `^?'. The current line is left at the last line printed. 9 9 September 1, 19101 USD:16-14 Ex Reference Manual ( .... )ppppuuuutttt _b_u_f_f_e_r abbr: ppppuuuu Puts back previously _d_e_l_e_t_e_d or _y_a_n_k_e_d lines. Normally used with _d_e_l_e_t_e to effect movement of lines, or with _y_a_n_k to effect duplication of lines. If no _b_u_f_f_e_r is specified, then the last _d_e_l_e_t_e_d or _y_a_n_k_e_d text is restored.* By using a named buffer, text may be restored that was saved there at any previous time. 9 qqqquuuuiiiitttt abbr: qqqq Causes _e_x to terminate. No automatic write of the edi- tor buffer to a file is performed. However, _e_x issues a warning message if the file has changed since the last _w_r_i_t_e command was issued, and does not _q_u_i_t.|- Nor- mally, you will wish to save your changes, and you should give a _w_r_i_t_e command; if you wish to discard them, use the qqqq!!!! command variant. 9 qqqq!!!! Quits from the editor, discarding changes to the buffer without complaint. 9 ( .... ) rrrreeeeaaaadddd _f_i_l_e abbr: rrrr Places a copy of the text of the given file in the editing buffer after the specified line. If no _f_i_l_e is given the current file name is used. The current file name is not changed unless there is none in which case _f_i_l_e becomes the current name. The sensibility res- trictions for the _e_d_i_t command apply here also. If the file buffer is empty and there is no current name then _e_x treats this as an _e_d_i_t command. Address `0' is legal for this command and causes the file to be read at the beginning of the buffer. Statistics are given as for the _e_d_i_t command when the _r_e_a_d successfully terminates. After a _r_e_a_d the current line is the last line read.|= 9 _________________________ * But no modifying commands may intervene between the _d_e_l_e_t_e or _y_a_n_k and the _p_u_t, nor may lines be moved between files without using a named buffer. |- _E_x will also issue a diagnostic if there are more files in the argument list. |= Within _o_p_e_n and _v_i_s_u_a_l the current line is set to the first line read rather than the last. September 1, 19101 Ex Reference Manual USD:16-15 ( .... ) rrrreeeeaaaadddd !!!!_c_o_m_m_a_n_d Reads the output of the command _c_o_m_m_a_n_d into the buffer after the specified line. This is not a variant form of the command, rather a read specifying a _c_o_m_m_a_n_d rather than a _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e; a blank or tab before the !!!! is mandatory. 9 rrrreeeeccccoooovvvveeeerrrr _f_i_l_e Recovers _f_i_l_e from the system save area. Used after a accidental hangup of the phone** or a system crash** or _p_r_e_s_e_r_v_e command. Except when you use _p_r_e_s_e_r_v_e you will be notified by mail when a file is saved. 9 rrrreeeewwwwiiiinnnndddd abbr: rrrreeeewwww The argument list is rewound, and the first file in the list is edited. 9 rrrreeeewwww!!!! Rewinds the argument list discarding any changes made to the current buffer. 9 sssseeeetttt _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r With no arguments, prints those options whose values have been changed from their defaults; with parameter _a_l_l it prints all of the option values. Giving an option name followed by a `?' causes the current value of that option to be printed. The `?' is unnecessary unless the option is Boolean valued. Boolean options are given values either by the form `set _o_p_t_i_o_n' to turn them on or `set no_o_p_t_i_o_n' to turn them off; string and numeric options are assigned via the form `set _o_p_t_i_o_n=value'. More than one parameter may be given to _s_e_t; they are interpreted left-to-right. 9 sssshhhheeeellllllll abbr: sssshhhh A new shell is created. When it terminates, editing resumes. 9 _________________________ ** The system saves a copy of the file you were editing only if you have made changes to the file. September 1, 19101 USD:16-16 Ex Reference Manual ssssoooouuuurrrrcccceeee _f_i_l_e abbr: ssssoooo Reads and executes commands from the specified file. _S_o_u_r_c_e commands may be nested. 9 ( .... , .... ) ssssuuuubbbbssssttttiiiittttuuuutttteeee /_p_a_t/_r_e_p_l/ _o_p_t_i_o_n_s _c_o_u_n_t _f_l_a_g_sabbr: ssss On each specified line, the first instance of pattern _p_a_t is replaced by replacement pattern _r_e_p_l. If the _g_l_o_b_a_l indicator option character `g' appears, then all instances are substituted; if the _c_o_n_f_i_r_m indication character `c' appears, then before each substitution the line to be substituted is typed with the string to be substituted marked with `|^' characters. By typing an `y' one can cause the substitution to be performed, any other input causes no change to take place. After a _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_e the current line is the last line substi- tuted. Lines may be split by substituting new-line characters into them. The newline in _r_e_p_l must be escaped by preceding it with a `\'. Other metacharacters avail- able in _p_a_t and _r_e_p_l are described below. 9 _s_t_o_p Suspends the editor, returning control to the top level shell. If _a_u_t_o_w_r_i_t_e is set and there are unsaved changes, a write is done first unless the form _s_t_o_p! is used. This commands is only available where sup- ported by the teletype driver and operating system. 9 ( .... , .... ) ssssuuuubbbbssssttttiiiittttuuuutttteeee _o_p_t_i_o_n_s _c_o_u_n_t _f_l_a_g_sabbr: ssss If _p_a_t and _r_e_p_l are omitted, then the last substitution is repeated. This is a synonym for the & command. 9 ( .... , .... ) tttt _a_d_d_r _f_l_a_g_s The _t command is a synonym for _c_o_p_y. 9 ttttaaaa _t_a_g The focus of editing switches to the location of _t_a_g, switching to a different line in the current file where it is defined, or if necessary to another file.|= 9_________________________ |= If you have modified the current file before giving a _t_a_g command, you must write it out; giving another _t_a_g command, specifying no _t_a_g will reuse the previous tag. September 1, 19101 Ex Reference Manual USD:16-17 The tags file is normally created by a program such as _c_t_a_g_s, and consists of a number of lines with three fields separated by blanks or tabs. The first field gives the name of the tag, the second the name of the file where the tag resides, and the third gives an addressing form which can be used by the editor to find the tag; this field is usually a contextual scan using `/_p_a_t/' to be immune to minor changes in the file. Such scans are always performed as if _n_o_m_a_g_i_c was set. The tag names in the tags file must be sorted alphabet- ically. 9 uuuunnnnaaaabbbbbbbbrrrreeeevvvviiiiaaaatttteeee _w_o_r_d abbr: uuuunnnnaaaa Delete _w_o_r_d from the list of abbreviations. 9 uuuunnnnddddoooo abbr: uuuu Reverses the changes made in the buffer by the last buffer editing command. Note that _g_l_o_b_a_l commands are considered a single command for the purpose of _u_n_d_o (as are _o_p_e_n and _v_i_s_u_a_l.) Also, the commands _w_r_i_t_e and _e_d_i_t which interact with the file system cannot be undone. _U_n_d_o is its own inverse. _U_n_d_o always marks the previous value of the current line `....' as `'''. After an _u_n_d_o the current line is the first line restored or the line before the first line deleted if no lines were restored. For commands with more global effect such as _g_l_o_b_a_l and _v_i_s_u_a_l the current line regains it's pre-command value after an _u_n_d_o. 9 uuuunnnnmmmmaaaapppp _l_h_s The macro expansion associated by _m_a_p for _l_h_s is removed. 9 ( 1 , $ ) vvvv /_p_a_t/ _c_m_d_s A synonym for the _g_l_o_b_a_l command variant gggg!!!!, running the specified _c_m_d_s on each line which does not match _p_a_t. 9 vvvveeeerrrrssssiiiioooonnnn abbr: vvvveeee Prints the current version number of the editor as well as the date the editor was last changed. 9 September 1, 19101 USD:16-18 Ex Reference Manual ( .... ) vvvviiiissssuuuuaaaallll _t_y_p_e _c_o_u_n_t _f_l_a_g_s abbr: vvvviiii Enters visual mode at the specified line. _T_y_p_e is optional and may be `-' , `|^' or `....' as in the _z com- mand to specify the placement of the specified line on the screen. By default, if _t_y_p_e is omitted, the speci- fied line is placed as the first on the screen. A _c_o_u_n_t specifies an initial window size; the default is the value of the option _w_i_n_d_o_w. See the document _A_n _I_n_t_r_o_d_u_c_t_i_o_n _t_o _D_i_s_p_l_a_y _E_d_i_t_i_n_g _w_i_t_h _V_i for more details. To exit this mode, type Q. 9 vvvviiiissssuuuuaaaallll file vvvviiiissssuuuuaaaallll +_n file From visual mode, this command is the same as edit. 9 ( 1 , $ ) wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee _f_i_l_e abbr: wwww Writes changes made back to _f_i_l_e, printing the number of lines and characters written. Normally _f_i_l_e is omitted and the text goes back where it came from. If a _f_i_l_e is specified, then text will be written to that file.* If the file does not exist it is created. The current file name is changed only if there is no current file name; the current line is never changed. If an error occurs while writing the current and _e_d_i_t_e_d file, the editor considers that there has been ``No write since last change'' even if the buffer had not previously been modified. 9 ( 1 , $ ) wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee>>>>>>>> _f_i_l_e abbr: wwww>>>>>>>> Writes the buffer contents at the end of an existing file. 9 wwww!!!! _n_a_m_e Overrides the checking of the normal _w_r_i_t_e command, and will write to any file which the system permits. 9 9_________________________ * The editor writes to a file only if it is the current file and is _e_d_i_t_e_d, if the file does not exist, or if the file is actually a teletype, /_d_e_v/_t_t_y, /_d_e_v/_n_u_l_l. Otherwise, you must give the variant form wwww!!!! to force the write. September 1, 19101 Ex Reference Manual USD:16-19 ( 1 , $ ) wwww !!!!_c_o_m_m_a_n_d Writes the specified lines into _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. Note the difference between wwww!!!! which overrides checks and wwww !!!! which writes to a command. 9 wwwwqqqq _n_a_m_e Like a _w_r_i_t_e and then a _q_u_i_t command. 9 wwwwqqqq!!!! _n_a_m_e The variant overrides checking on the sensibility of the _w_r_i_t_e command, as wwww!!!! does. 9 xxxxiiiitttt _n_a_m_e If any changes have been made and not written, writes the buffer out. Then, in any case, quits. 9 ( .... , .... )yyyyaaaannnnkkkk _b_u_f_f_e_r _c_o_u_n_t abbr: yyyyaaaa Places the specified lines in the named _b_u_f_f_e_r, for later retrieval via _p_u_t. If no buffer name is speci- fied, the lines go to a more volatile place; see the _p_u_t command description. 9 ( ....++++1111 ) zzzz _c_o_u_n_t Print the next _c_o_u_n_t lines, default _w_i_n_d_o_w. 9 ( .... ) zzzz _t_y_p_e _c_o_u_n_t Prints a window of text with the specified line at the top. If _t_y_p_e is `-' the line is placed at the bottom; a `....' causes the line to be placed in the center.* A count gives the number of lines to be displayed rather than double the number specified by the _s_c_r_o_l_l option. On a CRT the screen is cleared before display begins unless a count which is less than the screen size is given. The current line is left at the last line printed. _________________________ * Forms `z=' and `z|^' also exist; `z=' places the current line in the center, surrounds it with lines of `-' characters and leaves the current line at this line. The form `z|^' prints the window before `z-' would. The characters `+', `|^' and `-' may be repeated for cumulative effect. On some v2 editors, no _t_y_p_e may be given. September 1, 19101 USD:16-20 Ex Reference Manual !!!! _c_o_m_m_a_n_d The remainder of the line after the `!' character is sent to a shell to be executed. Within the text of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d the characters `%' and `#' are expanded as in filenames and the character `!' is replaced with the text of the previous command. Thus, in particular, `!!' repeats the last such shell escape. If any such expansion is performed, the expanded line will be echoed. The current line is unchanged by this command. If there has been ``[No write]'' of the buffer contents since the last change to the editing buffer, then a diagnostic will be printed before the command is exe- cuted as a warning. A single `!' is printed when the command completes. 9 ( _a_d_d_r , _a_d_d_r ) !!!! _c_o_m_m_a_n_d Takes the specified address range and supplies it as standard input to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d; the resulting output then replaces the input lines. 9 ( $ ) ==== Prints the line number of the addressed line. The current line is unchanged. 9 ( .... , .... ) >>>> _c_o_u_n_t _f_l_a_g_s ( .... , .... ) <<<< _c_o_u_n_t _f_l_a_g_s Perform intelligent shifting on the specified lines; <<<< shifts left and >>>> shift right. The quantity of shift is determined by the _s_h_i_f_t_w_i_d_t_h option and the repetition of the specification character. Only white space (blanks and tabs) is shifted; no non-white characters are discarded in a left-shift. The current line becomes the last line which changed due to the shifting. 9 ^^^^DDDD An end-of-file from a terminal input scrolls through the file. The _s_c_r_o_l_l option specifies the size of the scroll, normally a half screen of text. 9 ( ....+1 , ....+1 ) ( ....+1 , ....+1 ) | An address alone causes the addressed lines to be printed. A blank line prints the next line in the file. 9 September 1, 19101 Ex Reference Manual USD:16-21 ( .... , .... ) &&&& _o_p_t_i_o_n_s _c_o_u_n_t _f_l_a_g_s Repeats the previous _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_e command. 9 ( .... , .... ) ~~~~ _o_p_t_i_o_n_s _c_o_u_n_t _f_l_a_g_s Replaces the previous regular expression with the pre- vious replacement pattern from a substitution. _8. _R_e_g_u_l_a_r _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_s _a_n_d _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_e _r_e_p_l_a_c_e_m_e_n_t _p_a_t_t_e_r_n_s _8._1. _R_e_g_u_l_a_r _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_s A regular expression specifies a set of strings of characters. A member of this set of strings is said to be _m_a_t_c_h_e_d by the regular expression. _E_x remembers two previ- ous regular expressions: the previous regular expression used in a _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_e command and the previous regular expression used elsewhere (referred to as the previous _s_c_a_n_- _n_i_n_g regular expression.) The previous regular expression can always be referred to by a null _r_e, e.g. `//' or `??'. _8._2. _M_a_g_i_c _a_n_d _n_o_m_a_g_i_c The regular expressions allowed by _e_x are constructed in one of two ways depending on the setting of the _m_a_g_i_c option. The _e_x and _v_i default setting of _m_a_g_i_c gives quick access to a powerful set of regular expression metacharac- ters. The disadvantage of _m_a_g_i_c is that the user must remember that these metacharacters are _m_a_g_i_c and precede them with the character `\' to use them as ``ordinary'' characters. With _n_o_m_a_g_i_c, the default for _e_d_i_t, regular expressions are much simpler, there being only two metachar- acters. The power of the other metacharacters is still available by preceding the (now) ordinary character with a `\'. Note that `\' is thus always a metacharacter. The remainder of the discussion of regular expressions assumes that that the setting of this option is _m_a_g_i_c.|- _8._3. _B_a_s_i_c _r_e_g_u_l_a_r _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n _s_u_m_m_a_r_y The following basic constructs are used to construct _m_a_g_i_c mode regular expressions. 9_________________________ |- To discern what is true with _n_o_m_a_g_i_c it suffices to remember that the only special characters in this case will be `|^' at the beginning of a regular expression, `$' at the end of a regular expression, and `\'. With _n_o_m_a_g_i_c the characters `~' and `&' also lose their special meanings related to the replacement pattern of a substitute. September 1, 19101 USD:16-22 Ex Reference Manual _c_h_a_r An ordinary character matches itself. The characters `|^' at the beginning of a line, `$' at the end of line, `*' as any character other than the first, `.', `\', `[', and `~' are not ordinary characters and must be escaped (preceded) by `\' to be treated as such. ||||^^^^ At the beginning of a pattern forces the match to succeed only at the beginning of a line. $$$$ At the end of a regular expression forces the match to succeed only at the end of the line. .... Matches any single character except the new- line character. \\\\<<<< Forces the match to occur only at the begin- ning of a ``variable'' or ``word''; that is, either at the beginning of a line, or just before a letter, digit, or underline and after a character not one of these. \\\\>>>> Similar to `\<', but matching the end of a ``variable'' or ``word'', i.e. either the end of the line or before character which is nei- ther a letter, nor a digit, nor the underline character. [[[[_s_t_r_i_n_g] Matches any (single) character in the class defined by _s_t_r_i_n_g. Most characters in _s_t_r_i_n_g define themselves. A pair of characters separated by `-' in _s_t_r_i_n_g defines the set of characters collating between the specified lower and upper bounds, thus `[a-z]' as a regular expression matches any (single) lower-case letter. If the first character of _s_t_r_i_n_g is an `|^' then the construct matches those characters which it otherwise would not; thus `[|^a-z]' matches anything but a lower-case letter (and of course a newline). To place any of the characters `|^', `[', or `-' in _s_t_r_i_n_g you must escape them with a preceding `\'. _8._4. _C_o_m_b_i_n_i_n_g _r_e_g_u_l_a_r _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n _p_r_i_m_i_t_i_v_e_s The concatenation of two regular expressions matches the leftmost and then longest string which can be divided with the first piece matching the first regular expression and the second piece matching the second. Any of the (sin- gle character matching) regular expressions mentioned above may be followed by the character `*' to form a regular September 1, 19101 Ex Reference Manual USD:16-23 expression which matches any number of adjacent occurrences (including 0) of characters matched by the regular expres- sion it follows. The character `~' may be used in a regular expression, and matches the text which defined the replacement part of the last _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_e command. A regular expression may be enclosed between the sequences `\(' and `\)' with side effects in the _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_e replacement patterns. _8._5. _S_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_e _r_e_p_l_a_c_e_m_e_n_t _p_a_t_t_e_r_n_s The basic metacharacters for the replacement pattern are `&' and `~'; these are given as `\&' and `\~' when _n_o_m_a_g_i_c is set. Each instance of `&' is replaced by the characters which the regular expression matched. The meta- character `~' stands, in the replacement pattern, for the defining text of the previous replacement pattern. Other metasequences possible in the replacement pattern are always introduced by the escaping character `\'. The sequence `\_n' is replaced by the text matched by the _n-th regular subexpression enclosed between `\(' and `\)'.|- The sequences `\u' and `\l' cause the immediately following character in the replacement to be converted to upper- or lower-case respectively if this character is a letter. The sequences `\U' and `\L' turn such conversion on, either until `\E' or `\e' is encountered, or until the end of the replacement pattern. _9. _O_p_t_i_o_n _d_e_s_c_r_i_p_t_i_o_n_s 9 aaaauuuuttttooooiiiinnnnddddeeeennnntttt, aaaaiiii default: noai Can be used to ease the preparation of structured pro- gram text. At the beginning of each _a_p_p_e_n_d, _c_h_a_n_g_e or _i_n_s_e_r_t command or when a new line is _o_p_e_n_e_d or created by an _a_p_p_e_n_d, _c_h_a_n_g_e, _i_n_s_e_r_t, or _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_e operation within _o_p_e_n or _v_i_s_u_a_l mode, _e_x looks at the line being appended after, the first line changed or the line inserted before and calculates the amount of white space at the start of the line. It then aligns the cursor at the level of indentation so determined. If the user then types lines of text in, they will con- tinue to be justified at the displayed indenting level. If more white space is typed at the beginning of a line, the following line will start aligned with the _________________________ |- When nested, parenthesized subexpressions are present, _n is determined by counting occurrences of `\(' starting from the left. 9 September 1, 19101 USD:16-24 Ex Reference Manual first non-white character of the previous line. To back the cursor up to the preceding tab stop one can hit ^^^^DDDD. The tab stops going backwards are defined at multiples of the _s_h_i_f_t_w_i_d_t_h option. You _c_a_n_n_o_t back- space over the indent, except by sending an end-of-file with a ^^^^DDDD. Specially processed in this mode is a line with no characters added to it, which turns into a completely blank line (the white space provided for the _a_u_t_o_i_n_d_e_n_t is discarded.) Also specially processed in this mode are lines beginning with an `|^' and immediately fol- lowed by a ^^^^DDDD. This causes the input to be reposi- tioned at the beginning of the line, but retaining the previous indent for the next line. Similarly, a `0' followed by a ^^^^DDDD repositions at the beginning but without retaining the previous indent. _A_u_t_o_i_n_d_e_n_t doesn't happen in _g_l_o_b_a_l commands or when the input is not a terminal. 9 aaaauuuuttttoooopppprrrriiiinnnntttt, aaaapppp default: ap Causes the current line to be printed after each _d_e_l_e_t_e, _c_o_p_y, _j_o_i_n, _m_o_v_e, _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_e, _t, _u_n_d_o or shift command. This has the same effect as supplying a trailing `p' to each such command. _A_u_t_o_p_r_i_n_t is suppressed in globals, and only applies to the last of many commands on a line. 9 aaaauuuuttttoooowwwwrrrriiiitttteeee, aaaawwww default: noaw Causes the contents of the buffer to be written to the current file if you have modified it and give a _n_e_x_t, _r_e_w_i_n_d, _s_t_o_p, _t_a_g, or ! command, or a ^^^^||||^^^^ (switch files) or ^^^^]]]] (tag goto) command in _v_i_s_u_a_l. Note, that the _e_d_i_t and _e_x commands do _n_o_t autowrite. In each case, there is an equivalent way of switching when autowrite is set to avoid the _a_u_t_o_w_r_i_t_e (_e_d_i_t for _n_e_x_t, _r_e_w_i_n_d! for .I rewind , _s_t_o_p! for _s_t_o_p, _t_a_g! for _t_a_g, _s_h_e_l_l for !, and ::::eeee #### and a ::::ttttaaaa!!!! command from within _v_i_s_u_a_l). 9 bbbbeeeeaaaauuuuttttiiiiffffyyyy, bbbbffff default: nobeautify Causes all control characters except tab, newline and form-feed to be discarded from the input. A complaint is registered the first time a backspace character is discarded. _B_e_a_u_t_i_f_y does not apply to command input. 9 September 1, 19101 Ex Reference Manual USD:16-25 ddddiiiirrrreeeeccccttttoooorrrryyyy, ddddiiiirrrr default: dir=/tmp Specifies the directory in which _e_x places its buffer file. If this directory in not writable, then the edi- tor will exit abruptly when it fails to be able to create its buffer there. 9 eeeeddddccccoooommmmppppaaaattttiiiibbbblllleeee default: noedcompatible Causes the presence of absence of _g and _c suffixes on substitute commands to be remembered, and to be toggled by repeating the suffices. The suffix _r makes the sub- stitution be as in the ~ command, instead of like &. 9 eeeerrrrrrrroooorrrrbbbbeeeellllllllssss, eeeebbbb default: noeb Error messages are preceded by a bell.* If possible the editor always places the error message in a stan- dout mode of the terminal (such as inverse video) instead of ringing the bell. 9 hhhhaaaarrrrddddttttaaaabbbbssss, hhhhtttt default: ht=8 Gives the boundaries on which terminal hardware tabs are set (or on which the system expands tabs). 9 iiiiggggnnnnoooorrrreeeeccccaaaasssseeee, iiiicccc default: noic All upper case characters in the text are mapped to lower case in regular expression matching. In addi- tion, all upper case characters in regular expressions are mapped to lower case except in character class specifications. 9 lllliiiisssspppp default: nolisp _A_u_t_o_i_n_d_e_n_t indents appropriately for _l_i_s_p code, and the (((( )))) {{{{ }}}} [[[[[[[[ and ]]]]]]]] commands in _o_p_e_n and _v_i_s_u_a_l are modi- fied to have meaning for _l_i_s_p. 9 lllliiiisssstttt default: nolist All printed lines will be displayed (more) unambigu- ously, showing tabs and end-of-lines as in the _l_i_s_t command. 9 9_________________________ * Bell ringing in _o_p_e_n and _v_i_s_u_a_l on errors is not suppressed by setting _n_o_e_b. September 1, 19101 USD:16-26 Ex Reference Manual mmmmaaaaggggiiiicccc default: magic for _e_x and _v_i|- If _n_o_m_a_g_i_c is set, the number of regular expression metacharacters is greatly reduced, with only `|^' and `$' having special effects. In addition the metachar- acters `~' and `&' of the replacement pattern are treated as normal characters. All the normal metachar- acters may be made _m_a_g_i_c when _n_o_m_a_g_i_c is set by preced- ing them with a `\'. 9 mmmmeeeessssgggg default: mesg Causes write permission to be turned off to the termi- nal while you are in visual mode, if _n_o_m_e_s_g is set. 9 mmmmooooddddeeeelllliiiinnnneeee default: nomodeline If _m_o_d_e_l_i_n_e is set, then the first 5 lines and the last five lines of the file will be checked for ex command lines and the comands issued. To be recognized as a command line, the line must have the string _e_x: or _v_i: preceeded by a tab or a space. This string may be any- where in the line and anything after the : is inter- peted as editor commands. This option defaults to off because of unexpected behavior when editting files such as /_e_t_c/_p_a_s_s_w_d. 9 nnnnuuuummmmbbbbeeeerrrr,,,, nnnnuuuu default: nonumber Causes all output lines to be printed with their line numbers. In addition each input line will be prompted for by supplying the line number it will have. 9 ooooppppeeeennnn default: open If _n_o_o_p_e_n, the commands _o_p_e_n and _v_i_s_u_a_l are not permit- ted. This is set for _e_d_i_t to prevent confusion result- ing from accidental entry to open or visual mode. 9 ooooppppttttiiiimmmmiiiizzzzeeee,,,, oooopppptttt default: optimize Throughput of text is expedited by setting the terminal to not do automatic carriage returns when printing more than one (logical) line of output, greatly speeding output on terminals without addressable cursors when text with leading white space is printed. 9 _________________________ |- _N_o_m_a_g_i_c for _e_d_i_t. September 1, 19101 Ex Reference Manual USD:16-27 ppppaaaarrrraaaaggggrrrraaaapppphhhhssss,,,, ppppaaaarrrraaaa default: para=IPLPPPQPP LIbp Specifies the paragraphs for the {{{{ and }}}} operations in _o_p_e_n and _v_i_s_u_a_l. The pairs of characters in the option's value are the names of the macros which start paragraphs. 9 pppprrrroooommmmpppptttt default: prompt Command mode input is prompted for with a `:'. 9 rrrreeeeddddrrrraaaawwww default: noredraw The editor simulates (using great amounts of output), an intelligent terminal on a dumb terminal (e.g. during insertions in _v_i_s_u_a_l the characters to the right of the cursor position are refreshed as each input character is typed.) Useful only at very high speed. 9 rrrreeeemmmmaaaapppp default: remap If on, macros are repeatedly tried until they are unchanged. For example, if _o is mapped to _O, and _O is mapped to _I, then if _r_e_m_a_p is set, _o will map to _I, but if _n_o_r_e_m_a_p is set, it will map to _O. 9 rrrreeeeppppoooorrrrtttt default: report=5|- Specifies a threshold for feedback from commands. Any command which modifies more than the specified number of lines will provide feedback as to the scope of its changes. For commands such as _g_l_o_b_a_l, _o_p_e_n, _u_n_d_o, and _v_i_s_u_a_l which have potentially more far reaching scope, the net change in the number of lines in the buffer is presented at the end of the command, subject to this same threshold. Thus notification is suppressed during a _g_l_o_b_a_l command on the individual commands performed. 9 ssssccccrrrroooollllllll default: scroll=1/2 window Determines the number of logical lines scrolled when an end-of-file is received from a terminal input in com- mand mode, and the number of lines printed by a command mode _z command (double the value of _s_c_r_o_l_l). 9 sssseeeeccccttttiiiioooonnnnssss default: sections=SHNHH HU Specifies the section macros for the [[[[[[[[ and ]]]]]]]] _________________________ |- 2 for _e_d_i_t. September 1, 19101 USD:16-28 Ex Reference Manual operations in _o_p_e_n and _v_i_s_u_a_l. The pairs of characters in the options's value are the names of the macros which start paragraphs. 9 sssshhhheeeellllllll, sssshhhh default: sh=/bin/sh Gives the path name of the shell forked for the shell escape command `!', and by the _s_h_e_l_l command. The default is taken from SHELL in the environment, if present. 9 sssshhhhiiiiffffttttwwwwiiiiddddtttthhhh, sssswwww default: sw=8 Gives the width a software tab stop, used in reverse tabbing with ^^^^DDDD when using _a_u_t_o_i_n_d_e_n_t to append text, and by the shift commands. 9 sssshhhhoooowwwwmmmmaaaattttcccchhhh,,,, ssssmmmm default: nosm In _o_p_e_n and _v_i_s_u_a_l mode, when a )))) or }}}} is typed, move the cursor to the matching (((( or {{{{ for one second if this matching character is on the screen. Extremely useful with _l_i_s_p. 9 sssslllloooowwwwooooppppeeeennnn,,,, sssslllloooowwww terminal dependent Affects the display algorithm used in _v_i_s_u_a_l mode, holding off display updating during input of new text to improve throughput when the terminal in use is both slow and unintelligent. See _A_n _I_n_t_r_o_d_u_c_t_i_o_n _t_o _D_i_s_p_l_a_y _E_d_i_t_i_n_g _w_i_t_h _V_i for more details. 9 ttttaaaabbbbssssttttoooopppp,,,, ttttssss default: ts=8 The editor expands tabs in the input file to be on _t_a_b_s_t_o_p boundaries for the purposes of display. 9 ttttaaaagggglllleeeennnnggggtttthhhh,,,, ttttllll default: tl=0 Tags are not significant beyond this many characters. A value of zero (the default) means that all characters are significant. 9 ttttaaaaggggssss default: tags=tags /usr/lib/tags A path of files to be used as tag files for the _t_a_g command. A requested tag is searched for in the speci- fied files, sequentially. By default, files called _t_a_g_s are searched for in the current directory and in /usr/lib (a master file for the entire system). 9 September 1, 19101 Ex Reference Manual USD:16-29 tttteeeerrrrmmmm from environment TERM The terminal type of the output device. 9 tttteeeerrrrsssseeee default: noterse Shorter error diagnostics are produced for the experi- enced user. 9 wwwwaaaarrrrnnnn default: warn Warn if there has been `[No write since last change]' before a `!' command escape. 9 wwwwiiiinnnnddddoooowwww default: window=speed depen- dent The number of lines in a text window in the _v_i_s_u_a_l com- mand. The default is 8 at slow speeds (600 baud or less), 16 at medium speed (1200 baud), and the full screen (minus one line) at higher speeds. 9 wwww333300000000,,,, wwww1111222200000000,,,, wwww9999666600000000 These are not true options but set _w_i_n_d_o_w only if the speed is slow (300), medium (1200), or high (9600), respectively. They are suitable for an EXINIT and make it easy to change the 8/16/full screen rule. 9 wwwwrrrraaaappppssssccccaaaannnn, wwwwssss default: ws Searches using the regular expressions in addressing will wrap around past the end of the file. 9 wwwwrrrraaaappppmmmmaaaarrrrggggiiiinnnn, wwwwmmmm default: wm=0 Defines a margin for automatic wrapover of text during input in _o_p_e_n and _v_i_s_u_a_l modes. See _A_n _I_n_t_r_o_d_u_c_t_i_o_n _t_o _T_e_x_t _E_d_i_t_i_n_g _w_i_t_h _V_i for details. 9 wwwwrrrriiiitttteeeeaaaannnnyyyy, wwwwaaaa default: nowa Inhibit the checks normally made before _w_r_i_t_e commands, allowing a write to any file which the system protec- tion mechanism will allow. _1_0. _L_i_m_i_t_a_t_i_o_n_s Editor limits that the user is likely to encounter are as follows: 1024 characters per line, 256 characters per global command list, 128 characters per file name, 128 9 September 1, 19101 USD:16-30 Ex Reference Manual characters in the previous inserted and deleted text in _o_p_e_n or _v_i_s_u_a_l, 100 characters in a shell escape command, 63 characters in a string valued option, and 30 characters in a tag name, and a limit of 250000 lines in the file is silently enforced. The _v_i_s_u_a_l implementation limits the number of macros defined with map to 32, and the total number of characters in macros to be less than 512. _A_c_k_n_o_w_l_e_d_g_m_e_n_t_s. Chuck Haley contributed greatly to the early development of _e_x. Bruce Englar encouraged the redesign which led to _e_x version 1. Bill Joy wrote versions 1 and 2.0 through 2.7, and created the framework that users see in the present editor. Mark Horton added macros and other features and made the editor work on a large number of terminals and Unix systems. September 1, 19101